是由(you)機械、拖動回路、電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)控(kong)制部(bu)分組成。拖動系(xi)統(tong)(tong)也(ye)可以屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，因(yin)而電(dian)(dian)梯的(de)故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)可以分為(wei)機械故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)和電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)。遇(yu)到(dao)故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)時首先(xian)應確(que)定故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)哪個(ge)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，是機械系(xi)統(tong)(tong)還是電(dian)(dian)氣(qi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，然后再確(que)定故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)是屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)哪個(ge)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)哪一部(bu)分，接著再判(pan)斷故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)出自于(yu)哪個(ge)元(yuan)件(jian)(jian)或哪個(ge)動作部(bu)件(jian)(jian)的(de)觸點上。

　　怎樣判斷(duan)故(gu)障出自哪個(ge)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)?普遍采用的(de)方法(fa)是(shi)：首(shou)先置(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯于(yu)“檢(jian)(jian)(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)”工作(zuo)狀(zhuang)態，在(zai)(zai)(zai)轎廂(xiang)平層位置(zhi)(在(zai)(zai)(zai)機(ji)房(fang)、轎頂或(huo)轎廂(xiang)操(cao)作(zuo))點(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯慢上或(huo)慢下(xia)來確定。為確保安(an)全(quan)，首(shou)先要(yao)確認(ren)所有廳門必(bi)須全(quan)部關好(hao)并(bing)在(zai)(zai)(zai)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)運(yun)行(xing)中(zhong)不得再(zai)打開!因為電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯在(zai)(zai)(zai)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)狀(zhuang)態下(xia)上行(xing)或(huo)下(xia)行(xing)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路是(shi)簡單的(de)點(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路，按鈕按下(xia)多長時(shi)間(jian)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯運(yun)行(xing)多長時(shi)間(jian)，不按按鈕電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯不會動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)作(zuo)，需要(yao)運(yun)行(xing)多少距離可(ke)隨意控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)，速度又很慢，轎廂(xiang)運(yun)行(xing)速度小于(yu)0.63m/s，所以較安(an)全(quan)，便于(yu)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)人員(yuan)操(cao)作(zuo)和查找故(gu)障所屬部位，這是(shi)專為檢(jian)(jian)(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)人員(yuan)設(she)置(zhi)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯功能(neng)。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)回(hui)路沒(mei)有其他中(zhong)間(jian)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)環節，它直接(jie)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯拖(tuo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯在(zai)(zai)(zai)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)運(yun)行(xing)過程中(zhong)檢(jian)(jian)(jian)修(xiu)(xiu)人員(yuan)可(ke)細(xi)微觀察有無(wu)異(yi)常聲(sheng)音、異(yi)常氣(qi)味，某(mou)些(xie)指示信號是(shi)否正常等。電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯點(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)運(yun)行(xing)只要(yao)正常，就可(ke)以確認(ren)：主要(yao)機(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)沒(mei)問題，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)中(zhong)的(de)主拖(tuo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)回(hui)路沒(mei)有問題，故(gu)障就出自電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)的(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中(zhong)。反之(zhi)不能(neng)點(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯運(yun)行(xing)，故(gu)障就出自電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯的(de)機(ji)械(xie)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)或(huo)主拖(tuo)動(dong)(dong)(dong)(dong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路。

　　一、主拖動系統故(gu)障及(ji)形成原因

　　點動運行中如果(guo)確認主拖動電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)有故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)，即主回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)有故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)，你就(jiu)可以(yi)從構成(cheng)主回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)各個環(huan)節去分析故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)所(suo)在(zai)部位(wei)。任何一個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)的(de)(de)(de)交直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，包括各種(zhong)功能的(de)(de)(de)控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，都必須構成(cheng)交流(liu)(liu)或(huo)直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)流(liu)(liu)動的(de)(de)(de)閉合(he)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)在(zai)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)中任何一個部位(wei)被(bei)阻斷(duan)(duan)或(huo)分流(liu)(liu)，都可以(yi)造成(cheng)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)被(bei)阻斷(duan)(duan)的(de)(de)(de)部位(wei)就(jiu)是故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)所(suo)在(zai)部位(wei)，當然應首(shou)先(xian)確認供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源本身正常，否(fou)則無電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)或(huo)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)大(da)小不(bu)合(he)適(shi)，這(zhe)也(ye)是不(bu)同時期容易出現故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)的(de)(de)(de)部位(wei)之一。構成(cheng)任何電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯主回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)的(de)(de)(de)基本環(huan)節大(da)致相同：從供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)三相電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源出發(fa)經空氣開關、上行或(huo)下行交流(liu)(liu)接觸器(qi)、調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)器(qi)、運行接觸器(qi)、熱繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)器(qi)、到電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)三相繞組構成(cheng)三相交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)。對不(bu)同類(lei)型(xing)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)方法不(bu)同，調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)型(xing)式也(ye)不(bu)同，不(bu)外乎是變(bian)頻調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)、交流(liu)(liu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)壓調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)、直(zhi)流(liu)(liu)調(diao)(diao)(diao)壓調(diao)(diao)(diao)速(su)(su)或(huo)軟起動器(qi)，當然配套的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)也(ye)不(bu)相同。主回(hui)(hui)路(lu)(lu)(lu)故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)也(ye)是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)梯常見故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)和(he)和(he)重要故(gu)(gu)障(zhang)(zhang)。

　　因為(wei)主(zhu)拖動(dong)系(xi)統是間斷不連(lian)續的(de)經(jing)常動(dong)作(zuo)，因而(er)電梯運行幾(ji)年后(hou)，接觸(chu)(chu)器(qi)觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)常有(you)氧化(hua)、觸(chu)(chu)點(dian)彈片(pian)疲勞、接觸(chu)(chu)不良(liang)、接點(dian)脫落、逆變(bian)模(mo)塊及可控硅熱擊穿(chuan)或(huo)燒斷、電機軸承磨(mo)壞等(deng)故障(zhang)。這是快速(su)找故障(zhang)的(de)思路之一，因為(wei)任(ren)何機械動(dong)作(zuo)部(bu)件(jian)(jian)都是有(you)一定(ding)壽命(ming)的(de)，如繼(ji)電器(qi)、接觸(chu)(chu)器(qi)、微動(dong)開關，行程(cheng)開關，按鈕等(deng)元件(jian)(jian)，還有(you)經(jing)常運行的(de)部(bu)件(jian)(jian)，比如轎廂(xiang)的(de)隨行電纜，經(jing)常彎(wan)曲(qu)動(dong)作(zuo)，就存在有(you)斷線故障(zhang)的(de)可能。

　　二、機械系(xi)統(tong)故障及形(xing)成基(ji)本原因(yin)

　　1、連接件松脫引起的(de)故(gu)障

　　電梯在長期不間斷運(yun)行(xing)過程中，由于震動等原因而造成(cheng)緊固件松(song)(song)動或(huo)松(song)(song)脫(tuo)，使機械發生位移、脫(tuo)落或(huo)失去原有精(jing)度，從而造成(cheng)磨(mo)損，碰壞電梯機件而造成(cheng)故障(zhang)。

　　2、自然磨損引起的故(gu)障(zhang)

　　機械(xie)部(bu)件(jian)(jian)在(zai)運(yun)轉過程中，必(bi)(bi)(bi)然(ran)會(hui)(hui)產生磨(mo)(mo)(mo)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)，磨(mo)(mo)(mo)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)到(dao)一(yi)定(ding)程度(du)必(bi)(bi)(bi)須(xu)更(geng)換(huan)(huan)新的部(bu)件(jian)(jian)，所以電梯必(bi)(bi)(bi)須(xu)在(zai)運(yun)行(xing)一(yi)定(ding)時(shi)期后進行(xing)大(da)檢修，提前更(geng)換(huan)(huan)一(yi)些易(yi)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)件(jian)(jian)，不(bu)能(neng)等出了(le)故障(zhang)再更(geng)新，那樣就會(hui)(hui)造成(cheng)事(shi)故或不(bu)必(bi)(bi)(bi)要的經(jing)濟損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)失。平時(shi)日常維修中只要及(ji)(ji)(ji)時(shi)地調整、保養，電梯才(cai)能(neng)正常運(yun)行(xing)。如果不(bu)能(neng)及(ji)(ji)(ji)時(shi)發現滑動(dong)、滾動(dong)運(yun)轉部(bu)件(jian)(jian)的磨(mo)(mo)(mo)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)情(qing)況并加以調整就會(hui)(hui)加速機械(xie)的磨(mo)(mo)(mo)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)，從(cong)而(er)造成(cheng)機械(xie)磨(mo)(mo)(mo)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)報廢(fei)，造成(cheng)事(shi)故或故障(zhang)。如鋼(gang)絲繩磨(mo)(mo)(mo)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)到(dao)一(yi)定(ding)程度(du)必(bi)(bi)(bi)須(xu)及(ji)(ji)(ji)時(shi)更(geng)換(huan)(huan)，否則會(hui)(hui)造成(cheng)大(da)的事(shi)故，各種運(yun)轉軸承(cheng)等都是(shi)易(yi)磨(mo)(mo)(mo)損(sun)(sun)(sun)(sun)件(jian)(jian)必(bi)(bi)(bi)須(xu)定(ding)期更(geng)換(huan)(huan)。

　　3、潤滑系統引起的故障

　　潤滑的作(zuo)用是減(jian)少摩擦力(li)、減(jian)少磨損(sun)，延(yan)長機械壽命，同時(shi)還(huan)起到(dao)冷(leng)卻、防銹、減(jian)震、緩沖等作(zuo)用。若潤滑油太少，質量(liang)差(cha)，品(pin)種不對號或(huo)潤滑不當，會造成機械部分的過熱、燒(shao)傷(shang)、抱軸或(huo)損(sun)壞(huai)。

　　4、機(ji)械疲勞造成的故(gu)障(zhang)

　　某些機(ji)(ji)械(xie)部(bu)件(jian)(jian)經(jing)常不斷(duan)地長時間(jian)受(shou)(shou)到(dao)(dao)彎(wan)曲、剪切(qie)等應(ying)力(li)(li)，會產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)疲勞現象，機(ji)(ji)械(xie)強(qiang)度塑性減(jian)小。某些零部(bu)件(jian)(jian)受(shou)(shou)力(li)(li)超(chao)過強(qiang)度極限，產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)斷(duan)裂，造(zao)成(cheng)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)事故(gu)或故(gu)障。如(ru)鋼(gang)絲繩長時間(jian)受(shou)(shou)到(dao)(dao)拉應(ying)力(li)(li)，又受(shou)(shou)到(dao)(dao)彎(wan)曲應(ying)力(li)(li)，又有磨損(sun)產(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)，更嚴(yan)重時受(shou)(shou)力(li)(li)不均(jun)，某股繩可能受(shou)(shou)力(li)(li)過大首先斷(duan)繩，增加(jia)了其余股繩的受(shou)(shou)力(li)(li)，造(zao)成(cheng)連鎖反應(ying)，全部(bu)斷(duan)繩，可能發生(sheng)(sheng)重大事故(gu)。 從上(shang)面分析可知，只(zhi)要日常做(zuo)好維護保養工作，定(ding)期潤滑有關部(bu)件(jian)(jian)及檢查有關緊固件(jian)(jian)情況，調整機(ji)(ji)件(jian)(jian)的工作間(jian)隙，就可以大大減(jian)少(shao)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)系統的故(gu)障。

　　三、電氣控制系統的故障及形(xing)成原因

　　1、自動開(kai)關(guan)門機構(gou)及(ji)門聯鎖電路(lu)的故障

　　因(yin)為關好所(suo)有廳、轎門是電梯(ti)運行(xing)的首要條(tiao)件，門聯鎖系統一旦出(chu)現故障(zhang)電梯(ti)就不(bu)(bu)能運行(xing)。這類故障(zhang)多是由包括(kuo)自動門鎖在內(nei)的各種電氣元件觸點不(bu)(bu)良或調整不(bu)(bu)當造(zao)成的。

　　2、電氣元件絕緣引(yin)起的故障

　　電子電氣元件絕(jue)緣在長期運行(xing)后(hou)總(zong)會(hui)由老化、失(shi)效、受(shou)潮或(huo)者其(qi)他原因引起絕(jue)緣擊穿(chuan)，造成電氣系統的(de)斷路或(huo)短路引起電梯故障。

　　3、繼電器(qi)、接觸器(qi)、開關等元件(jian)觸點斷路或短路引起的故(gu)障

　　由繼電(dian)器(qi)、接觸(chu)器(qi)構(gou)成(cheng)的(de)(de)控制電(dian)路(lu)中，其故障(zhang)多發(fa)生在繼電(dian)器(qi)的(de)(de)觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)上，如(ru)果(guo)觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)通過大電(dian)流或(huo)被(bei)電(dian)弧燒(shao)蝕，觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)被(bei)粘連(lian)就會(hui)造成(cheng)短(duan)路(lu).如(ru)果(guo)觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)被(bei)塵埃阻斷或(huo)觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)簧片失去(qu)彈性就會(hui)造成(cheng)斷路(lu)，觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)斷路(lu)或(huo)短(duan)路(lu)都會(hui)使電(dian)梯(ti)的(de)(de)控制環(huan)節電(dian)路(lu)失效，使電(dian)梯(ti)出(chu)現故障(zhang).

　　4、電磁干擾引起的故障

　　隨著計算機(ji)技(ji)術的(de)(de)迅猛發展，特(te)別(bie)是成(cheng)本大大降低(di)的(de)(de)微(wei)型計算機(ji)廣(guang)泛應用(yong)到電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)的(de)(de)控(kong)(kong)制部分，甚至采用(yong)多微(wei)機(ji)控(kong)(kong)制以(yi)及串行(xing)通(tong)訊傳輸呼梯(ti)(ti)(ti)信號等(deng)，驅動(dong)部分采用(yong)變(bian)頻(pin)(pin)變(bian)壓(VVVF)調(diao)速(su)系統已經成(cheng)為電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)流行(xing)的(de)(de)標準設計.近幾年來(lai)(lai)變(bian)頻(pin)(pin)門機(ji)也成(cheng)為時(shi)尚(shang)，取代原來(lai)(lai)用(yong)電(dian)阻調(diao)速(su)的(de)(de)直流門機(ji)。微(wei)機(ji)的(de)(de)廣(guang)泛應用(yong)對其構成(cheng)的(de)(de)電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)控(kong)(kong)制系統的(de)(de)可靠性要(yao)求(qiu)越(yue)來(lai)(lai)越(yue)高，主(zhu)要(yao)是抗(kang)干(gan)擾(rao)的(de)(de)可靠性。電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)運(yun)行(xing)中遇到的(de)(de)各種干(gan)擾(rao)，主(zhu)要(yao)外部因素有(you)：溫度、濕度、灰塵、振動(dong)、沖擊(ji)、電(dian)源電(dian)壓、電(dian)流、頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)的(de)(de)波(bo)動(dong)，逆變(bian)器自身產生(sheng)的(de)(de)高頻(pin)(pin)干(gan)擾(rao)，操作人(ren)員的(de)(de)失誤及負載的(de)(de)變(bian)化(hua)等(deng)。在這些(xie)干(gan)擾(rao)的(de)(de)作用(yong)下，電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)會產生(sheng)錯誤和故障，電(dian)梯(ti)(ti)(ti)電(dian)磁干(gan)擾(rao)主(zhu)要(yao)有(you)以(yi)下三(san)種形式：

　　(1)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)噪聲(sheng)(sheng)：它主要是從(cong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)進線(xian)(xian)(包括地(di)線(xian)(xian))侵入(ru)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)。特別是當系(xi)(xi)統(tong)與其它經常變動(dong)(dong)的(de)大(da)負(fu)載共用電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)時會產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)噪聲(sheng)(sheng)干(gan)(gan)擾(rao)。當電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)引線(xian)(xian)較(jiao)長時，傳輸過程發生的(de)壓降，感應電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)勢也會產生噪聲(sheng)(sheng)干(gan)(gan)擾(rao)，影響系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的(de)正常工作(zuo)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)(yuan)噪聲(sheng)(sheng)會造(zao)成微機(ji)丟失一部分(fen)或大(da)部分(fen)信息，產生錯(cuo)誤或誤動(dong)(dong)作(zuo)。

　　(2)從(cong)輸入線侵入的噪聲。當輸入線與(yu)自(zi)身系(xi)統(tong)或其(qi)他(ta)系(xi)統(tong)存在著(zhu)公共地線時(shi)，就(jiu)會(hui)侵入此噪聲，有時(shi)既使采用隔離措施(shi)，仍然會(hui)受到與(yu)輸入線相耦合的電磁感應(ying)的影響，如果輸入信(xin)號(hao)很微小時(shi)，極易(yi)使系(xi)統(tong)產(chan)生(sheng)差錯和(he)誤動作。

　　(3)靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)噪聲(sheng)：它是由(you)摩擦(ca)所引起的(de)(de)，摩擦(ca)產生(sheng)的(de)(de)靜電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，是很微小的(de)(de)但是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)可(ke)(ke)高達(da)數萬伏。IEEE可(ke)(ke)靠性物理討論會(hui)提供的(de)(de)材(cai)料表(biao)明(ming)，在毛毯上(shang)行(xing)走的(de)(de)人(ren)帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)可(ke)(ke)達(da)39KV，在工(gong)作臺(tai)旁工(gong)作的(de)(de)人(ren)帶(dai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)也可(ke)(ke)達(da)3KV，因此要有高電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)的(de)(de)人(ren)接觸電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)腦板(ban)時，人(ren)體上(shang)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)荷向系(xi)統放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，急劇(ju)的(de)(de)放電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流造成(cheng)(cheng)噪聲(sheng)，影響系(xi)統工(gong)作，甚至會(hui)造成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子元器件的(de)(de)損壞(huai)。

　　針對以上的狀況必須采(cai)用防(fang)干(gan)擾措施，防(fang)干(gan)擾措施自身也應該正確可靠，否則會產生電梯的故障。

　　(4)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子元件損(sun)壞(huai)或位置調整不(bu)當引起的(de)(de)故(gu)(gu)障：電(dian)(dian)(dian)梯的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)系統，特(te)別(bie)是控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)，結構復雜，一旦發生(sheng)事故(gu)(gu)，要迅速(su)排(pai)除(chu)故(gu)(gu)障，單憑經驗還是不(bu)夠的(de)(de)，這(zhe)就(jiu)要求維修人(ren)員必(bi)須掌握電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)控制(zhi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)的(de)(de)工作(zuo)原(yuan)理及(ji)控制(zhi)環(huan)節的(de)(de)工作(zuo)過程，明確各個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)子元器件之間(jian)的(de)(de)相互關(guan)系及(ji)其作(zuo)用，了解各電(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)元件的(de)(de)安裝位置，只有這(zhe)樣，才能準(zhun)確地判斷(duan)故(gu)(gu)障的(de)(de)發生(sheng)點，并迅速(su)予以(yi)排(pai)除(chu)。在這(zhe)個(ge)基(ji)礎(chu)上若把別(bie)人(ren)和自己的(de)(de)實際工作(zuo)經驗加以(yi)總(zong)結和應用，對迅速(su)排(pai)除(chu)故(gu)(gu)障，減少(shao)損(sun)失會有益的(de)(de)，因為某些(xie)運行中出(chu)現的(de)(de)故(gu)(gu)障還是有規律的(de)(de)。

　　四、 電氣故障查找方(fang)法：

　　當電(dian)梯控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)路(lu)發生(sheng)故障(zhang)時(shi)，首(shou)先(xian)要(yao)問、看、聽(ting)、聞(wen)，做到心中有(you)數，所謂(wei)(wei)(wei)問，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)詢問操作(zuo)者或報(bao)告故障(zhang)的人員故障(zhang)發生(sheng)時(shi)的現象情況，查詢在故障(zhang)發生(sheng)前(qian)有(you)否(fou)作(zuo)過任何調整或更換元件工(gong)作(zuo);所謂(wei)(wei)(wei)看，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)觀察每一個零件是(shi)(shi)否(fou)正常工(gong)作(zuo)，看控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)路(lu)的各種(zhong)信號指示是(shi)(shi)否(fou)正確，看電(dian)氣(qi)元件外(wai)觀顏色是(shi)(shi)否(fou)改變等;所謂(wei)(wei)(wei)聽(ting)，就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)聽(ting)電(dian)路(lu)工(gong)作(zuo)時(shi)是(shi)(shi)否(fou)有(you)異聲(sheng);所謂(wei)(wei)(wei)聞(wen)，聞(wen)電(dian)路(lu)元件是(shi)(shi)否(fou)有(you)異常氣(qi)味。在完成(cheng)上述(shu)工(gong)作(zuo)后，便可(ke)采(cai)用下(xia)列方法(fa)查找電(dian)氣(qi)控(kong)制(zhi)電(dian)路(lu)的故障(zhang)。

　　1、序檢查法：

　　電(dian)梯是按(an)一(yi)定程(cheng)序(xu)運(yun)行(xing)的(de)，每次運(yun)行(xing)都要經過(guo)選(xuan)層、定向(xiang)、關門(men)、啟動、運(yun)行(xing)、換速、平層、開門(men)的(de)循環(huan)(huan)過(guo)程(cheng)，其中每一(yi)步(bu)稱作(zuo)一(yi)個工作(zuo)環(huan)(huan)節，實現每一(yi)個工作(zuo)環(huan)(huan)節，都有一(yi)個獨(du)立的(de)控制(zhi)(zhi)電(dian)路。程(cheng)序(xu)檢查(cha)法就是確認故障(zhang)具體出(chu)現在哪個控制(zhi)(zhi)環(huan)(huan)節上，這(zhe)樣排除故障(zhang)的(de)方向(xiang)就明確了，有了針對性(xing)對排除故障(zhang)很重要。這(zhe)種方法不(bu)僅適(shi)用于(yu)有觸(chu)點的(de)電(dian)氣控制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統，也適(shi)用于(yu)無觸(chu)點控制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統，如PC控制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統或單(dan)片機控制(zhi)(zhi)系(xi)統。

　　2、靜(jing)態電阻測(ce)量(liang)法(fa)：

　　靜態電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)法就是在(zai)斷電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)情況下，用(yong)萬用(yong)表(biao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)檔測量電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路的(de)(de)阻(zu)(zu)值是否正常，因(yin)為任何一個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)元(yuan)件都是一個PN結構成的(de)(de)，它的(de)(de)正反(fan)向電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)值是不(bu)同的(de)(de)，任何一個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)元(yuan)件也(ye)都是有(you)一定(ding)阻(zu)(zu)值，連接(jie)著(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣(qi)元(yuan)件的(de)(de)線路或開關，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)值不(bu)是等(deng)于零就是無窮(qiong)大(da)，因(yin)而(er)測量他們(men)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)(zu)值大(da)小是否符合規定(ding)要(yao)求就可(ke)以判斷好(hao)壞(huai)。檢查(cha)一個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路好(hao)壞(huai)有(you)無故障也(ye)可(ke)用(yong)這個方(fang)法，而(er)且(qie)比較安全。

　　3、電位測量法(fa)：

　　上述(shu)方法(fa)無法(fa)確定故障部位(wei)(wei)時，可在(zai)通(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)情(qing)況下進(jin)行(xing)測(ce)量(liang)各個電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)或電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣元(yuan)(yuan)器件的(de)(de)(de)兩端(duan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)，因為(wei)在(zai)正(zheng)(zheng)常工作情(qing)況下，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)閉(bi)環電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)上各點(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)是一定的(de)(de)(de)，所謂各點(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)就是指電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)元(yuan)(yuan)件上各個點(dian)對地的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)是不同的(de)(de)(de)，而且是有(you)(you)一定大(da)小(xiao)要求，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)是從高(gao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)流(liu)(liu)(liu)向低(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)，順電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)方向去測(ce)量(liang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)氣元(yuan)(yuan)件上的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)大(da)小(xiao)應符合這個規律(lv)，所以用萬用表去測(ce)量(liang)控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)上有(you)(you)關點(dian)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)位(wei)(wei)是否符合規定值，就可判斷(duan)故障所在(zai)點(dian)，然后再判斷(duan)是為(wei)何引起電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)值變化的(de)(de)(de)，是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源不正(zheng)(zheng)確，還是電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)有(you)(you)斷(duan)路(lu)，還是元(yuan)(yuan)件損壞造成的(de)(de)(de)。

　　4、短路法：

　　控(kong)制環(huan)節電(dian)路都是(shi)開(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)或繼(ji)電(dian)器(qi)，接(jie)觸(chu)器(qi)觸(chu)點(dian)組合(he)而成。當懷疑某個或某些觸(chu)點(dian)有故(gu)障(zhang)時(shi)，可(ke)以用(yong)(yong)導線把該觸(chu)點(dian)短接(jie)，此時(shi)通電(dian)若故(gu)障(zhang)消失(shi)，則證明判斷正確，說明該電(dian)氣(qi)元件已壞。但是(shi)要牢記，當發現故(gu)障(zhang)點(dian)作完(wan)試驗后(hou)應立即拆除短接(jie)線，不允許(xu)用(yong)(yong)短接(jie)線代替開(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)或開(kai)(kai)關(guan)(guan)(guan)觸(chu)點(dian)。短路法(fa)主要用(yong)(yong)來查找電(dian)氣(qi)邏輯(ji)關(guan)(guan)(guan)系電(dian)路的斷點(dian)，當然有時(shi)測量(liang)電(dian)子(zi)電(dian)路故(gu)障(zhang)也可(ke)用(yong)(yong)此法(fa)。下面介紹短路法(fa)查找門鎖電(dian)路故(gu)障(zhang)的方法(fa)。

　　在轎頂，用(yong)(yong)(yong)檢(jian)修(xiu)點(dian)(dian)動(dong)電(dian)(dian)梯運行，用(yong)(yong)(yong)檢(jian)修(xiu)速度運行到某一層樓(lou)，打開自動(dong)門(men)鎖(suo)(suo)防護盤，用(yong)(yong)(yong)短(duan)接(jie)(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)一端接(jie)(jie)01號線(xian)(xian)(xian)，另一端檢(jian)查觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)是(shi)否(fou)正常(chang)，當短(duan)接(jie)(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)碰(peng)B點(dian)(dian)C吸(xi)合，而(er)碰(peng)A點(dian)(dian)C不(bu)吸(xi)合，說(shuo)明該門(men)層鎖(suo)(suo)觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)斷開了。松開短(duan)接(jie)(jie)線(xian)(xian)(xian)，修(xiu)復觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)或更換(huan)門(men)鎖(suo)(suo)開關。但(dan)是(shi)采用(yong)(yong)(yong)短(duan)接(jie)(jie)法，只能查找“與(yu)”邏輯(ji)關系(xi)觸(chu)點(dian)(dian)的斷點(dian)(dian)，而(er)不(bu)能查找繼電(dian)(dian)器線(xian)(xian)(xian)圈是(shi)否(fou)短(duan)接(jie)(jie)，否(fou)則會燒壞電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。

　　5、斷路法：

　　控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)還(huan)可能出現一些(xie)特殊故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)，如電(dian)(dian)(dian)梯在沒有內選或外呼指示(shi)時就(jiu)停層等。這說(shuo)明電(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)中(zhong)某(mou)些(xie)觸(chu)點被短接(jie)了，查找這類故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)的(de)(de)辦法(fa)是斷路(lu)法(fa)，就(jiu)是把懷疑產生故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)的(de)(de)觸(chu)點斷開，如果故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)消失了，說(shuo)明判斷正確。斷路(lu)法(fa)主要用于“與(yu)”邏輯關系(xi)的(de)(de)故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)點。

　　6、替代法：

　　根據上(shang)述方法，發(fa)現(xian)故障出于(yu)某(mou)點或(huo)(huo)某(mou)塊(kuai)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)板，此時可把認為有(you)問題的元件(jian)(jian)(jian)或(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)板取下，用(yong)(yong)新(xin)的或(huo)(huo)確認無(wu)故障的元件(jian)(jian)(jian)或(huo)(huo)電(dian)(dian)路(lu)板代替，如果故障消(xiao)失則認為判斷正確。反(fan)之則需(xu)要(yao)(yao)繼續查找(zhao)，往往維修人員對易損的元器件(jian)(jian)(jian)或(huo)(huo)重要(yao)(yao)的電(dian)(dian)子板都備(bei)有(you)備(bei)用(yong)(yong)件(jian)(jian)(jian)，一旦有(you)故障馬上(shang)換上(shang)一塊(kuai)就解(jie)決(jue)了問題，故障件(jian)(jian)(jian)帶回來再慢(man)(man)慢(man)(man)查找(zhao)修復，這也是一種(zhong)快速排(pai)故方法。

　　7、經驗排(pai)故(gu)法：

　　為了(le)(le)能夠做到(dao)迅速(su)(su)排(pai)(pai)故(gu)，除了(le)(le)不斷總結自(zi)己的(de)實踐經(jing)驗，還要(yao)不斷學習別人的(de)實踐經(jing)驗，實踐經(jing)驗往往使電(dian)梯的(de)故(gu)障(zhang)有一(yi)定規律的(de)總結，有的(de)經(jing)驗是(shi)用血汗換(huan)來的(de)重要(yao)教訓，我(wo)們(men)(men)也更應重視。往往這(zhe)些經(jing)驗可以使我(wo)們(men)(men)去快速(su)(su)排(pai)(pai)除故(gu)障(zhang)，減(jian)少事(shi)故(gu)和(he)損失(shi)。當(dang)然嚴(yan)格(ge)來說(shuo)應該杜絕電(dian)梯事(shi)故(gu)，這(zhe)是(shi)我(wo)們(men)(men)維(wei)修(xiu)人員應有的(de)職(zhi)責。這(zhe)次我(wo)們(men)(men)編寫這(zhe)本(ben)書就是(shi)收集了(le)(le)國內外很多同(tong)行(xing)們(men)(men)的(de)維(wei)修(xiu)故(gu)障(zhang)排(pai)(pai)除經(jing)驗，以提高我(wo)們(men)(men)公(gong)(gong)司的(de)安裝維(wei)修(xiu)員工技術水平(ping)，同(tong)時提高公(gong)(gong)司的(de)服務水平(ping)和(he)信譽度(du)。

　　8、電氣系統排故基本思(si)路：

　　電氣(qi)控制(zhi)系統有時故(gu)障比較復雜加(jia)上(shang)現在(zai)電梯都是微機控制(zhi)，軟(ruan)硬件交叉在(zai)一起，遇到故(gu)障首先(xian)(xian)思(si)想(xiang)不要緊張，排故(gu)時堅持：先(xian)(xian)易后難、先(xian)(xian)外后內(nei)、綜合考慮、有所(suo)聯想(xiang)。

　　電(dian)梯運行中比(bi)較多的(de)故(gu)障是開(kai)關接點接觸不(bu)良引起的(de)故(gu)障，所以判斷故(gu)障時應根據(ju)故(gu)障及柜內(nei)指示燈顯示的(de)情況，先(xian)對外部線路(lu)(lu)(lu)、電(dian)源(yuan)部分(fen)，進行檢查，即(ji)門觸點、安全回路(lu)(lu)(lu)、交(jiao)直流電(dian)源(yuan)等，只要(yao)熟(shu)悉(xi)電(dian)路(lu)(lu)(lu)，順藤(teng)摸瓜很快即(ji)可解(jie)決。

　　有些故障(zhang)不(bu)像(xiang)繼(ji)電器(qi)線路那么簡單直(zhi)觀、PC電梯(ti)的(de)許多保護(hu)環(huan)節都是隱含(han)在它(ta)的(de)軟硬件系統中，其故障(zhang)和原因正如結果(guo)和條件是嚴格對應的(de)，找故障(zhang)時有秩(zhi)序(xu)地對他們(men)之間的(de)關(guan)系進行聯想和猜測，逐一排除疑點直(zhi)至(zhi)排除故障(zhang)。

　　9、測試接觸不良(liang)的方法：

　　(1)在控(kong)制柜電源進線板(ban)上，通常(chang)接(jie)有(you)電壓表，觀察運行中的(de)電壓，若(ruo)某項(xiang)電壓偏低(di)且波動較大(da)，該(gai)項(xiang)可(ke)能就有(you)虛接(jie)部位。

　　(2)用點(dian)溫計(ji)測試每個連接(jie)(jie)處的溫度，找出(chu)發熱(re)部位(wei)，打磨接(jie)(jie)觸面，擰緊螺絲釘(ding)。

　　(3)用(yong)低壓(ya)大電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)測(ce)試虛(xu)接部位(wei)，將總電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)斷開(kai)，再將進入(ru)控制柜的電(dian)(dian)(dian)源(yuan)斷開(kai)，按圖1-2裝一(yi)(yi)套電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)發(fa)生(sheng)器(qi)，用(yong)10mm2銅芯電(dian)(dian)(dian)線臨(lin)時搭接在接觸(chu)面的兩(liang)端，調壓(ya)器(qi)慢慢升壓(ya)，短(duan)路電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)達到(dao)50A時，記錄輸入(ru)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值。按上述方法對每一(yi)(yi)個連接處(chu)都測(ce)一(yi)(yi)次，記錄每個接點(dian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)值，那一(yi)(yi)處(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)高(gao)，就是接觸(chu)不(bu)良(liang)。

　　(4)隨行軟(ruan)電(dian)(dian)纜內部(bu)折斷(duan)虛接(jie)(jie)測(ce)試法。當懷疑某根電(dian)(dian)線中(zhong)間有(you)時通(tong)時斷(duan)現(xian)象，按圖1-2接(jie)(jie)線，短路(lu)電(dian)(dian)流升至8A時，調壓器(qi)定位不動，連續折合(he)15次(ci)，每次(ci)接(jie)(jie)通(tong)時間2~3分，如果發現(xian)電(dian)(dian)流表(biao)不啟動，說明(ming)折斷(duan)位置已(yi)被測(ce)試電(dian)(dian)源燒斷(duan)，若電(dian)(dian)流值不變(bian)，證明(ming)此線沒有(you)折斷(duan)。